Sample of Sales Report

The purpose of the sales report is to document the significant changes within the companys external market sales and reveal the trends of the further trade operations. A sample of sales report can provide the great opportunity to analyze and extract system changes which appear due to the market issues. In general, sales report shows how the company increases or decreases its income through a certain time period. In terms of financial aspect, the primary meaning has the analytical nature of such account. For example, managers in companies use the method of sales reports in order to detect market opportunities and areas where a certain company can tailor marketing approach in a better way. Overall, it allows to analyze the tendency of sales and extract the necessary information for the manager. The year of 2015 has attained key significance for the market success of Apple inc. The sales in that period overcame the sales activity of the same period in 2014. Overall, Apple inc. has shown very efficient tendency through the years and its administrative line continues to report about increasing profits. However, the available market reports state that further sales appeared not as successful as it was predicted by the company’s analytics. Recently, Apple has announced financial results for the last quarter of 2015. The report shows that for the last quarter of 2015, which ended on the twenty-sixth of September, its reported sales revenue reached $51,5 billion. The sales results are compared to the same period of 2014 when total revenue was estimated as $42,1 billion. Moreover, gross margin was established at the point of 39.9 percent, compared to 2014, when it composed 38 percent. The main reason for such growth is covered not only in new product lines but in the expanding to the new markets. Thus, the fourth quarter is highlighted with iPhone record sales, availability of Apple Watch, and record Mac sales report. It is stated that the fiscal 2015 year is the most successful year for Apple with income improvement up to 28 percent. It resulted in $234 billion profit. In addition, the shares of Apple inc. grew by 38 percent and this allowed Apple to boost their capital return program, returning $143 billion from total $ 200 billion to the investors. Furthermore, the first quarter of 2016 resulted in income between $75.5 billion and $77.5 billion. The gross margin rose up to 40 percent. Operating expenses resulted in $6.4 billion. The tax rate was stated at the point of 26.2 percent. However, in the second quarter of 2016 company sales sharply decreased for first time in the last thirteen years. In fact, the company revealed sales of about $50.6 billion which mean a decline of 13 percent. Sales of the iPhone which create two-thirds of the company’s revenue have firstly fallen from the time it was released in 2007. This fall is estimated to be from 61 million in 2015 to 51 million in 2016. Moreover, the sales of the iPad and Mac were reported to have a drop by 23 percent compared to the last year. Overall, it is clear that Apple inc. experiences not the best times. The smartphone market has firstly gone flat in its history, the tablet market has been already flat for several years, and the computer market has become too specific and narrow for the audience to create excessive sales. Apparently, the company has to tailor the new marketing approach or introduce new products in order to attract more customers. In case the company will not do something, the sales fall will continue to increase from year to year. References Apple Forecasts Second Sales Drop as iPhone Woes Deepen. (2016, April 26). Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-26/apple-forecasts-another-sales-decline-as-iphone-demand-cools Apple product unit sales by category 2012-2016 | Statistic. (2016). Retrieved May 26, 2016, from http://www.statista.com/statistics/382302/unit-sales-of-apple-by-product-category/ Gallo, C. (2012). The Apple experience: Secrets to building insanely great customer loyalty. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ingram, T. N. (2004). Sales management: Analysis and decision making. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. J. Titcomb (2016, April 26). IPhone sales decline for first time ever as Apple revenue falls. Retrieved May 26, 2016, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/04/26/iphone-sales-decline-for-first-time-ever-as-apple-revenue-falls/ Press Info Apple Reports Record Fourth Quarter Results. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/10/27Apple-Reports-Record-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html

African American Stereotypes in the Media - 1396 Words

Jakaya McCambry 10/02/12 African American Stereotypes in the Media When I first heard someone say, â€Å"All African American people are Ghetto,† I was very offended that someone would make this type of assumption about my culture, and I thought how ignorant this person must be; but then I stopped and wondered why other people would think this about us. I asked her why she would say something like this, and she instantly listed shows like Tosh.O and Chelsea Lately, which highlight my culture in a negative view. It was clear to me that she had made up her mind about black people through watching the media and seeing African Americans fulfill that stereotype in person. This led me to question: Where exactly do these stereotypes come from?†¦show more content†¦The way entertainment in the media portrays us has greatly affected how others identify us. Movies and shows like; Madea’s family Reunion, Bringing down the House, Love and Hip Hop, and Basketball Wives all portray us in a degrading way. People sometimes find it comical o f course, but the fact that it is comical does not justify it being debasing. This image of us has evolved from things in the media, and its’ power to shape people’s idea of us. We as a race must stop living up to our stereotypes. As soon as we take action in not succumbing to our own stereotype, people will not think we are â€Å"Ghetto† or any other undignified term they think of us; therefore in the media we won’t be perceived in that way. As Colin Powell once said, â€Å"Fit no stereotypes. Dont chase the latest management fads. The situation dictates which approach best accomplishes the teams mission.† Although African American stereotyping is prevalent in the media now because of its’ entertaining quality; it perpetuates a cycle of harmful stereotypes. As long as this cycle continues, our culture will always be illustrated negatively. Works Cited Dixon, Travis L. Network News And Racial Beliefs: Exploring The Connection Between National Television News Exposure And Stereotypical Perceptions Of African Americans. Journal Of Communication 58.2 (2008): 321-337. AcademicShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Women And The Media s Reoccurring Stereotype2855 Words   |  12 PagesAvery Wood Robert Welch ENGL 202 Nov 10, 2014 â€Å"African American Women and the Media’s Reoccurring Stereotype† In the early turn of the 21st century, infant stages of media were brought to audiences all over. Small motion pictures were a new invention, enticing its viewers and creating a medium open to innovation. Since the development of silent films, stereotypes and racial discrimination have been the central overtones of cinema. 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Most United States movies have some type of involvement with racial stereotype on specific ethnic groups. United States movies usually portray the negative side of African-Americans in all their movies. This is a huge problem to the society of United States especially black Americans. The presentation of the negative side of African-Americans in the media effectsRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. 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The definition of stereotype is â€Å"Stereotyping may be defined as the tendency to attribute generalized and simplified characteristics to groups of people in the form of verbal labels, and to act towards the members of those groups in terms of those labels † (Kanahara, 2006) When asked to pick a topic and do a research study, I decided that the topic of racial stereotyping would be efficient. As I began to watch movies I started to see a trend. I saw African Americans being portrayed as beingRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is perhaps the most powerful tool in the world for creating, changing or perpetuating society’s ideas about an issue or group of people. It works both blatantly and subconsciously by deciding which issues are important, how to frame those issues, who to show as affected by them, and, increasingly , providing personal commentaries on the matters at hand. 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Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a common understanding of a person or group of people. Media ranges from television, press, books, radio, and the internet. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is described as manipulation. It is a powerful factor that influences our beliefs and attitudes about others. Race, gender, and economicRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes. Paper1208 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American Stereotypes Ivory Marvin A stereotype is a popular belief about specific types of individuals. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. African Americans have been perceived to be someone they are not in the media, history, and in everyday life. Although some stereotypes are true, many are harmful and inaccurate. African American stereotypes are generalizations about the behavior of African Americans originated mainly

management of seed borne pathogens of maize Essay Example For Students

management of seed borne pathogens of maize Essay Outline1 Abstraction 2 Introduction3 Material and methods4 Management of seed mycoflora5 Seed intervention6 Physical seed intervention methods7 Hot H2O intervention8 Dry heat intervention9 Solar heat intervention10 Chemical seed intervention11 Biological seed intervention12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION13 Hot H2O intervention14 Table 1: Consequence of hot H2O intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora15 Sl.16 No17 Hot H2O18 temperature19 ( EsC )20 Time21 ( min )22 Seed23 sprouting24 ( % )25 Per cent seed mycoflora26 Per cent decrease over control27 Aspergillus Niger28 Aspergillus29 flavus30 Penicillium31 sp.32 Fusarium sp.33 Rhizopus sp.34 Curvularia sp.35 Bipolaris sp.36 Cladosporium sp.37 Boryodiplodia theobromae38 Alternaria sp.39 Nigrospora oryzae40 Mean41 1.42 3543 1044 8545 7046 7847 10048 3349 4850 451 252 2053 554 355 656 33.557 2.658 1559 8560 7061 7762 10063 3364 4865 266 267 2068 569 270 571 33.072 4.073 2074 8675 6876 7577 10078 3379 4780 281 282 1983 484 285 486 32.387 6.188 2589 8790 6691 74 92 10093 3294 4695 196 197 1898 499 2100 3101 31.5102 8.4103 30104 88105 63106 72107 100108 32109 43110 1111 15112 4113 2114 2115 30.3116 11.9117 2.118 40119 10120 86121 66122 72123 100124 32125 45126 4127 2128 18129 4130 3131 4132 31.8133 7.5134 15135 87136 61137 71138 100139 32140 43141 3142 2143 17144 4145 2146 3147 30.7148 10.7149 20150 88151 58152 70153 100154 31155 41156 2157 2158 15159 3160 1161 2162 29.5163 14.2164 25165 89166 52167 68168 99169 30170 39171 1172 1173 13174 3175 1176 2177 28.0178 18.6179 30180 89181 49182 67183 98184 29185 35186 11187 3188 2189 26.7190 22.3191 3.192 45193 10194 87195 60196 70197 100198 30199 41200 3201 2202 14203 4204 2205 2206 29.8207 13.4208 15209 88210 58211 69212 99213 29214 39215 2216 2217 12218 3219 1220 2221 28.7222 16.5223 20224 89225 55226 68227 98228 27229 38230 1231 10232 2233 27.7234 19.5235 25236 88237 52238 66239 98240 26241 36242 9243 2244 26.2245 23.8246 30247 86248 46249 65250 97251 24252 34253 7254 2255 25.0256 27.3257 4.258 50259 10260 86261 56262 68263 98264 27265 38266 3267 8268 2269 1270 2271 27.5272 20.0273 15274 84275 49276 67277 97278 26279 35280 2281 5282 2283 25.7284 25.3285 20286 83287 46288 65289 95290 24291 32292 3293 1294 24.1295 29.9296 25297 79298 42299 62300 93301 19302 30303 22.3304 35.1305 30306 77307 38308 60309 90310 17311 28312 21.1313 38.6314 Control315 85316 74317 79318 100319 33320 49321 5322 2323 22324 5325 3326 6327 34.4328 329 Dry heat intervention330 Table 2: Consequence of dry heat intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora331 ( % )332 333 Solar intervention334 Table 3: Consequence of solar heat intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora335 ( % )336 337 Chemical seed intervention338 Table 4: Consequence of chemical seed intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora339 ( % )340 341 Biological seed intervention342 Table 5: Consequence of bio agents on corns seed mycoflora343 Sl.344 No.345 Bioagent346 Concentration347 g/kg348 Seed349 sprouting350 ( % )351 Per cen t seed mycoflora352 Per cent decrease over control353 Aspergillus Niger354 Aspergillus355 flavus356 Penicillium357 sp.358 Fusarium sp.359 Rhizopus sp.360 Cladosporiumsp.361 Botryodiplodia theobromae362 Curvularia sp.363 Alternaria sp.364 Bipolaris sp.365 Nigrospora oryzae366 Mean367 1.368 Trichoderma viride369 2370 88371 18372 17373 32374 8375 18376 12377 2378 9.7379 71.47380 4381 90382 7383 13384 26385 4386 15387 8388 6.6389 80.58390 6391 92392 6393 20394 13395 3.5396 89.70397 8398 92399 2400 19401 11402 2.9403 91.47404 2.405 Trichoderma406 harzianum407 2408 87409 15410 15411 18412 10413 12414 13415 7.5416 77.94417 4418 89419 10420 8421 12422 7423 10424 7425 4.9426 85.58427 6428 91429 7430 5431 6432 3433 1.9434 94.41435 8436 91437 5438 4439 5440 1.3441 96.17442 3.443 Bacillus subtilis444 2445 86446 69447 56448 45449 25450 36451 18452 3453 22.9454 32.64455 4456 88457 63458 50459 41460 21461 29462 15463 1464 20.0465 41.17466 6467 89468 57469 45470 35471 18472 26473 13474 17.6475 48.2 3476 8477 89478 52479 43480 28481 15482 20483 10484 15.2485 55.29486 4.487 Pseudomonas fluorescens488 2489 87490 66491 55492 63493 17494 45495 15496 3497 24.0498 29.41499 4500 89501 61502 49503 50504 13505 40506 11507 20.3508 40.29509 6510 92511 52512 38513 46514 11515 39516 8517 17.6518 48.23519 8520 92521 47522 32523 41524 8525 38526 5527 15.5528 54.41529 Control530 85531 75532 80533 100534 33535 48536 22537 5538 2539 3540 3541 3542 34.0543 Abstraction Management of seed mycoflora was studied by different seed intervention methods viz. , physical, chemical and biological methods. By physical methods, seeds treated with hot H2O at 45EsC for 25 and 30 proceedingss and at 50EsC for 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 proceedingss reduced seed mycoflora, but adversely affected seed sprouting. However, maximal seed sprouting was recorded when seeds were treated at 40EsC for 30 proceedingss and this intervention besides reduced seed mycoflora efficaciously. In dry heat intervention, seed intervention at 50EsC for one hr efficaciously reduced the seed mycoflora, but adversely affected seed sprouting. However, dry heat intervention at 40EsC for one hr reduced the seed mycoflora without impacting seed sprouting. In solar heat intervention, seeds exposed to solar heat intervention at 12-14 H on patio efficaciously reduced the seed mycoflora followed by 13-15 H, 14-16 H, 12-13 H, 13-14 H, 14-15 H and 15-16 h. Seed intervention with antifungals viz. , carbe ndazim, thiophanate methyl, captan, mancozeb and chlorothalonil at the rate of 2 g and 3 g per kilogram of seed efficaciously eliminated seed mycoflora. The maximal seed sprouting of 90 per cent was recorded when seeds were treated with carbendazim @ 2 and 3 g per kilogram of seed. In seed intervention with bioagents viz. , Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis, seed mycoflora was significantly reduced when corn seeds were treated with T. harzianum and T. viride at 6 g per kilogram of seed, where as maximal seed sprouting of 92 per cent was recorded when seed were treated with T. viride and P. fluorescens at 6 g per kilogram of seed. Introduction Maize ( Zea mays L. ) is one of the of import cereal harvests next merely to wheat and rice in the universe and utilised as nutrient, as provender for farm animal and as natural stuff for industry. World country under corn harvest is 147.56 million hectares with a production of 701.27 million metric tons ( Muhammad Akber et al. , 2008 ) whereas, in India corn is cultivated on an country of 8.11 million/ha. Entire maize production is 19.77 Mt, with an mean output of 2,435 kg/ha in 2007-08 ( Anon, 2008 ) . In Karnataka, maize occupies an country of 1.11 million hectares bring forthing of 3.20 million metric tons with a productiveness of 2894 kg/ha ( Anon. , 2008 ) . A sum of 112 diseases are known to happen on corn doing economic harm to the harvests ( Anon, 1960 ) and among them more than 70 diseases are reported as seed-borne. Important seed-borne diseases of corn are leaf topographic point, foliage blight, Collar putrefaction, meat putrefaction, scutellum putrefaction, seedling blight, anthracnose and head carbon black ( Richardson, 1990 ) . Seeds are known to transport a considerable sum of micro-organism. Some of these cause assorted diseases. Pathogens are associated with seeds in the signifier of contaminations, externally and internally as seed borne. These organisms become active under favorable status and impact the seed sprouting ( Christensen and Lopez, 1963 ) which consequences in lower works population and unnatural seedlings in field, thereby doing considerable decrease in output. Invasion by Fungis in storage might ensue in the stain of the seeds, rise in temperature, moldiness, loss in weight and assorted alterations in the seed components. Some of the seeds infecting fungi green goods mycotoxins such as aflotoxin, patulin, citrinine and ochratoxin ( Bilgrami et al. , 1979 ) . Seed intervention occupies one of the of import places in the incorporate direction of any disease and has provided first-class consequences in cut downing losingss caused by diseases with addition in quality and measure of seeds. Material and methods Management of seed mycoflora Seed intervention To command seed mycoflora extremely septic seeds of the intercrossed assortment Nithyashree were selected and subjected to different seed intervention methods viz. , 1 ) Physical 2 ) Chemical and 3 ) Biological methods. 400 seeds were incubated at room temperature on moist blotting papers as per criterion blotting paper method. Seeds without intervention served as control. Effect of seed intervention on seed sprouting and per cent seed mycoflora were recorded by utilizing steriobinocular microscope in all seed intervention methods. Physical seed intervention methods Hot H2O intervention Maize seeds were subjected to hot H2O intervention at 35 A ; deg ; C, 40 A ; deg ; C, 45 A ; deg ; C and 50 A ; deg ; C with clip interval of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. at each temperature degree, and experiment was replicated four times. Seeds without intervention served as control. Seeds were shade dried for half an hr and incubated for seven yearss on moist blotting papers. Observations were recorded on 8th twenty-four hours. Dry heat intervention Maize seeds were subjected to different temperature degrees viz. , 35, 40, 45 and 50 A ; deg ; C for an hr by maintaining them in hot air oven. 400 seeds were placed on moist blotting papers as per the criterion blotting paper method and incubated for seven yearss. Observations were recorded on 8th twenty-four hours. Solar heat intervention Maize seeds were subjected to solar heat intervention by maintaining them on patio in afternoon at clip continuance of 12-13 H, 13-14 H, 14-15 H, 15-16 H, 12-14 H, 13-15 H, and 14-16 H in April month. 400 seeds were placed on moist blotting papers as per criterion blotting paper method and incubated for seven yearss. Observations were recorded on 8th twenty-four hours. Chemical seed intervention The corn seeds were treated with six antifungals namely, carbendazim, captan, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, thiophanate methyl and ridomil at the rate of 2 g, 3 g and 4 g per kilogram of seed at each intervention degree. In each intervention were 400 seeds plated on moist blotting papers with four reproductions. Seeds without intervention served as control and incubated for seven yearss. Observations were recorded on 8th twenty-four hours. Biological seed intervention In this experiment corn seeds were treated with commercial preparations of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis at the rate of 2, 4, 6, and 8 g per kilogram of seed. After each intervention seeds were plated on moist blotting paper by utilizing standard blotting paper method. Seeds were incubated for seven yearss and observations were recorded on 8th twenty-four hours. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hot H2O intervention In the direction of corn seed borne Fungi, seed intervention with hot H2O at 50EsC for 15, 20, 25 and 30 proceedingss inhibited seed sprouting compared to command. However, seed intervention with hot H2O at 40EsC for 30 proceedingss significantly increased seed sprouting and reduced seed mycoflora efficaciously. Hence this appears the optimal temperature and continuance combination that reduces seed mycoflora and enhances seed sprouting ( Table 1 ) . This is inconformity with the consequences of Rahman et Al. ( 2008 ) who reported that seed intervention with different degrees of hot H2O intervention viz. , 48EsC, 50EsC and 52EsC significantly reduced the seed borne infective Fungis of corn viz. , Bipolaris maydis, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium spp. from 60.47, 71.07 and 76.99 % to 19.31, 29.37 and 4.01 % severally. Seed sprouting was besides increased after the seed intervention with hot H2O. Table 1: Consequence of hot H2O intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora Sl. No Hot H2O temperature ( EsC ) Time ( min ) Seed sprouting ( % ) Per cent seed mycoflora Per cent decrease over control Aspergillus Niger Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Curvularia sp. Bipolaris sp. Cladosporium sp. Boryodiplodia theobromae Alternaria sp. Nigrospora oryzae Mean 1. 35 10 85 70 78 100 33 48 4 2 20 5 3 6 33.5 2.6 15 85 70 77 100 33 48 2 2 20 5 2 5 33.0 4.0 20 86 68 75 100 33 47 2 2 19 4 2 4 32.3 6.1 25 87 66 74 100 32 46 1 1 18 4 2 3 31.5 8.4 30 88 63 72 100 32 43 1 15 4 2 2 30.3 11.9 2. 40 10 86 66 72 100 32 45 4 2 18 4 3 4 31.8 7.5 15 87 61 71 100 32 43 3 2 17 4 2 3 30.7 10.7 20 88 58 70 100 31 41 2 2 15 3 1 2 29.5 14.2 25 89 52 68 99 30 39 1 1 13 3 1 2 28.0 18.6 30 89 49 67 98 29 35 11 3 2 26.7 22.3 3. 45 10 87 60 70 100 30 41 3 2 14 4 2 2 29.8 13.4 15 88 58 69 99 29 39 2 2 12 3 1 2 28.7 16.5 20 89 55 68 98 27 38 1 10 2 27.7 19.5 25 88 52 66 98 26 36 9 2 26.2 23.8 30 86 46 65 97 24 34 7 2 25.0 27.3 4. 50 10 86 56 68 98 27 38 3 8 2 1 2 27.5 20.0 15 84 49 67 97 26 35 2 5 2 25.7 25.3 20 83 46 65 95 24 32 3 1 24.1 29.9 25 79 42 62 93 19 30 22.3 35.1 30 77 38 60 90 17 28 21.1 38.6 Control 85 74 79 100 33 49 5 2 22 5 3 6 34.4 Dry heat intervention In dry heat intervention as the temperature increased from 35EsC to 50EsC for continuance of one hr, seed mycoflora was decreased but adversely affected seed sprouting. Seed intervention at 50EsC recorded minimal association of 17 per cent by Rhizopus sp. followed by Fusarium sp. ( 17 per cent ) , A. niger ( 28 per cent ) , A. flavus ( 45 per cent ) , and Penicillium sp. ( 93 per cent ) and inhibited seed sprouting. However seed intervention at 40EsC recorded 98 per cent association by Penicillium sp. followed by, A. flavus ( 62 per cent ) , Rhizopus sp. ( 35 per cent ) , Fusarium sp. ( 25 per cent ) , A. niger ( 57 per cent ) , N. oryzae ( 2 per cent ) , Cladosporiuym sp. ( 11 per cent ) , Botryodiplodia theobromae ( 2 per cent ) and Curvularia sp. ( 1 per cent ) . Seed mycoflora was inhibited upto 22.7 per cent when seeds were treated at 40EsC dry heat and maximal seed sprouting of 87 per cent was besides recorded. Hence this appears the optimal temperature and continuance combinat ion that reduces seed mycoflora and enhances sprouting of seeds ( Table 2 ) . The present probe besides agrees with the studies of Prasanna Kumara ( 2004 ) . He reported that in dry heat intervention when seeds treated at 50 A ; deg ; C for one hr significantly decreased seed mycoflora of pigeonpea but inhibited seed sprouting, where as maximal seed sprouting was recorded when the seeds were treated at 40 A ; deg ; C. Table 2: Consequence of dry heat intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora Sl. No Dry heat temperature ( EsC ) for 60 min. Seed sprouting ( % ) Per cent seed mycoflora Per cent decrease over control Aspergillus Niger Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Curvularia sp. Alternaria sp. Cladosporium sp. Nigrospora oryzae Bortyodiplodia theobromae Bipolaris sp. Mean 1. 35 86 70 73 100 29 49 2 2 19 3 4 2 32 6.9 2. 40 87 57 62 98 25 35 1 11 2 2 26.6 22.7 3. 45 86 43 51 95 21 23 5 1 21.7 36.9 4. 50 84 28 45 93 17 17 18.1 47.4 Control 85 75 80 100 32 50 5 3 22 5 5 2 34.4 Solar intervention Surveies on solar heat intervention for the direction of corn seed mycoflora revealed that minimal association of 92 per cent by Penicillium sp. followed by Fusarium sp. ( 61 per cent ) , A. flavus ( 45 per cent ) , A. niger ( 30 per cent ) , and Rhizopus sp. ( 3 per cent ) . The maximal decrease of 19.4 per cent by seed mycoflora was recorded when seeds were exposed to 12-14 hour solar heat and maximal seed sprouting of 89 per cent was besides observed ( Table 3 ) . Similarly Rai et Al. ( 2001 ) treated maize seeds with UV radiation and ascertained decrease of fungous species with increased continuance of exposure. Table 3: Consequence of solar heat intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora Sl. No Time ( H ) Seed sprouting ( % ) Per cent seed mycoflora Per cent decrease over control Aspergillus Niger Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Alternaria sp. Nigrospora oryzae Bipolaris sp. Curvularia sp. Cladosporium sp. Botryodiplodia theobromae Mean 1. 12-13 87 68 72 98 30 45 1 3 1 4 16 4 31.0 10.1 2. 13-14 86 68 73 100 31 46 2 3 2 5 16 5 31.9 7.53 3. 14-15 86 69 74 100 31 47 2 4 2 5 18 5 32.4 6.00 4. 15-16 86 70 74 100 32 47 2 4 2 5 19 5 32.7 5.21 5. 12-14 89 58 67 92 28 42 1 2 14 2 27.8 19.4 6. 13-15 88 60 68 95 29 43 2 1 3 15 3 29.0 15.9 7. 14-16 87 67 70 97 30 45 1 3 1 4 16 4 30.7 11.0 Control 85 75 80 100 33 50 3 5 2 6 21 5 34.5 Chemical seed intervention The consequences of the chemical seed intervention revealed that seed intervention with carbendazim, thiophanate methyl and captan at rate of 3 g per kilogram of seed wholly eliminated A. Niger, A. flavus, Curvularia sp. , Trichoderma sp. , N. oryzae, B. theobromae, Alternaria sp. , Cladosporium sp. and Bipolaris sp. without impacting seed sprouting, where as chlorothalonil decreased entire seed mycoflora upto 94.11 per cent. Minimum decrease of 37.05 per cent seed mycoflora was recorded when corn seeds were treated with metalaxyl 8 % + mancozeb 64 wp @ 2 g per kilogram of seed. The maximal seed sprouting of 90 per cent was recorded when seeds were treated with carbendazim ( Table 4 ) . Similarly Manoj Kumar and Agarwal ( 1998 ) besides reported that seed intervention with antifungals viz. , thiram, rovral, dithane M-45, dithane Z-78, and bavistin + thiram ( 1:1 ) , well reduced seed borne pathogen particularly B. maydis, B. theobromae and F. moniliforme. Thiram and bavistin were sig nificantly superior to other antifungals in bettering seedling energy of discolored corns seed. Table 4: Consequence of chemical seed intervention for control of corns seed mycoflora Sl. No Antifungals Chemical concentration @ g/kg Seed sprouting ( % ) Per cent seed mycoflora Per cent decrease over control Aspergillus Niger Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Curvularia sp. Alternaria sp. Nigrospora oryzae Bipolaris sp. Cladosporium sp. Botryodiplodia theobromae Mean 1. Carbendazim 2 90 20 46 1 1 6.1 82.02 3 90 12 44 5.0 85.29 4 88 8 41 4.4 86.91 2. Thiophanate methyl 2 89 48 4.3 87.35 3 87 46 4.1 87.94 4 85 40 3.6 89.41 3. Captan 2 89 14 11 45 6.3 81.47 3 89 43 3.9 88.52 4 88 38 3.4 90.00 4. Mancozeb 2 87 15 22 9 46 8.3 75.58 3 88 7 14 7 42 6.3 81.47 4 88 8 5 31 4.0 88.23 5. Metalaxyl 8 % +mancozeb 64 % wp 2 86 35 57 67 28 38 8 3 21.4 37.05 3 87 19 55 58 24 35 3 1 17.7 47.94 4 87 10 51 45 21 26 13.0 61.76 6. Chlorothalonil 2 88 11 18 7 22 12 2 6.5 80.88 3 88 12 5 17 5 3.5 89.70 4 87 8 15 2.0 94.11 Control 84 75 78 100 31 48 5 3 3 3 23 5 34.0 Biological seed intervention In seed intervention with bioagents viz. , T. viride, T. harzianum P. fluorescens and B. subtilis, seed mycoflora was significantly reduced when corn seeds were treated with T. harzianum and T. viride at 6 g per kilogram of seed, where as maximal seed sprouting of 92 per cent was recorded when seed were treated with T. viride and P. fluorescens at 6 g per kilogram of seed ( Table 5 ) . Manjunatha and Rao ( 2002 ) besides reported that seed intervention with P. fluorescens, T. viride and T. harzianum efficaciously reduced A. alternata, F. moniliforme, A. flavus, A. Niger, R. stolonifer, C. lunata and C. globosum infection from wheat seeds. Table 5: Consequence of bio agents on corns seed mycoflora Sl. No. Bioagent Concentration g/kg Seed sprouting ( % ) Per cent seed mycoflora Per cent decrease over control Aspergillus Niger Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Cladosporiumsp. Botryodiplodia theobromae Curvularia sp. Alternaria sp. Bipolaris sp. Nigrospora oryzae Mean 1. Trichoderma viride 2 88 18 17 32 8 18 12 2 9.7 71.47 4 90 7 13 26 4 15 8 6.6 80.58 6 92 6 20 13 3.5 89.70 8 92 2 19 11 2.9 91.47 2. Trichoderma harzianum 2 87 15 15 18 10 12 13 7.5 77.94 4 89 10 8 12 7 10 7 4.9 85.58 6 91 7 5 6 3 1.9 94.41 8 91 5 4 5 1.3 96.17 3. Bacillus subtilis 2 86 69 56 45 25 36 18 3 22.9 32.64 4 88 63 50 41 21 29 15 1 20.0 41.17 6 89 57 45 35 18 26 13 17.6 48.23 8 89 52 43 28 15 20 10 15.2 55.29 4. Pseudomonas fluorescens 2 87 66 55 63 17 45 15 3 24.0 29.41 4 89 61 49 50 13 40 11 20.3 40.29 6 92 52 38 46 11 39 8 17.6 48.23 8 92 47 32 41 8 38 5 15.5 54.41 Control 85 75 80 100 33 48 22 5 2 3 3 3 34.0

Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol Essay Example For Students

Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol Essay Should alcohol production, sale, and consumption be prohibited? I think not. For hundreds of years, man has had choices choices pertaining their food intake, their living quarters, and their life mates. Whether or not to consume alcohol has been a choice that man has had through recent history and is a choice which I believe should remain just that a choice. There has been only one period of history where alcohol purchase and consumption was limited. During the 1920s, specifically 1920 to 1933 (and 1917 to 1919 in Canada) beverages such as beer, gin, rum, whiskey, and wine were forbidden to manufacture, sell, or transport. Supporters of prohibition believed alcoholic beverages endangered mental and physical health (World Book Encyclopedia). Results of the Volstead Act, passed by Congress that enforced prohibition, were disastrous. Underworld gangs controlled the sale of alcohol in communities. Was this a sign of good mental or physical health?During prohibition, the cost of this illegal alcohol skyrocketed costing people hundreds of dollars. I know what causes unsatisfactory mental health for me and that is having less money in my pocket. If this was such a good idea, why did Congress reverse it?Sure there will always be irresponsible people. And absolutely the irresponsible use of alcohol has produced disastrous results. But look at me. Im a responsible person. When I drink I always make sure that I have a designated driver. Why should I be punished by the few who cant handle that responsibility? How about my grandparents? They believe in having a glass of wine with their dinner. Its an old family custom which has maintained by my generation. Should I be told what I can and cant drink?I was reading Time Magazine recent ly and a recent study has been released which states that a glass of wine a day has been shown to improve liver function, lower cholesterol and lessen the chance of heart disease (Time June 1999). Now if alcohol sale or production was abolished, how could have that study been done. Especially in this decade when heart problems are at an all-time high due to the high availability of high cholesterol foods, I say you do anything you can do to help. The twenty-first century is right around the corner and who knows what studies will find? Could alcohol be a cure for cancer? How about AIDS? Who knows what the future holds. I sure hope that when I get married my future husband and I will be able to celebrate and my family can raise their glasses and toast my marriage? It would be a shame if I wouldnt be legally allowed to do that. Patrick Henry once said, Give me liberty or give me death. I respond, Give me alcohol or give me sparkling cider!

Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist

Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921–February 4, 2006) was an author and activist whose seminal 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is credited with helping spark the modern feminist movement in the United States. Among her other accomplishments, Friedan was the founder and first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Fast Facts: Betty Friedan Known For: Helping spark the modern feminist movement; founder and first president of the National Organization of WomenAlso Known As: Betty Naomi GoldsteinBorn: February 4, 1921 in Peoria, IllinoisParents: Harry M. Goldstein, Miriam Goldstein  Horwitz OberndorfDied: February 4, 2006 in Washington, D.C.Education: Smith College  (BA), University of California, Berkeley (M.A.)Published Works: The Feminine Mystique (1963), The Second Stage (1981), Life so Far (2000)Awards and Honors: Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association (1975), Mort Weisinger Award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors (1979), Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame (1993)Spouse: Carl Friedan (m. 1947–1969)Children: Daniel, Emily, JonathanNotable Quote:  A woman is handicapped by her sex, and handicaps society, either by slavishly copying the pattern of mans advance in the professions or by refusing to compete with man at all. Early Years Friedan was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois as Betty Naomi Goldstein. Her parents were immigrant Jews. Her father was a jeweler and her mother, who had been an editor of the womens pages of a newspaper, left her job to become a homemaker. Bettys mother was unhappy in that choice, and she pushed Betty to get a college education and pursue a career. Betty later dropped out of her doctoral program at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was studying group dynamics, and moved to New York to pursue a career. During World War II, she worked as a reporter for a labor service, and had to give up her job to a veteran who returned at the end of the war. She worked as a clinical psychologist and social researcher along with being a writer. She met and married theatrical producer Carl Friedan, and they moved to Greenwich Village. She took a maternity leave from her job for their first child; she was fired when she asked for maternity leave for her second child in 1949. The union gave her no help in fighting this firing, and so she became a housewife and mother, living in the suburbs. She also wrote freelance magazine articles, many for magazines directed at the middle-class housewife. Survey of Smith Graduates In 1957, for the 15th reunion of her graduating class at Smith, Friedan was asked to survey her classmates on how theyd used their education. She found that 89% were not using their education. Most were unhappy in their roles. Friedan analyzed the results and consulted experts. She found that both women and men were trapped in limiting roles. Friedan wrote up her results and tried to sell the article to magazines but could find no buyers. So she turned her work into a book, which was published in 1963 as The Feminine Mystique. It became a best-seller, eventually translated into 13 languages. Celebrity and Involvement Friedan also became a celebrity as a result of the book. She moved with her family back to the city and she became involved in the growing womens movement. In June 1966, she attended a Washington meeting of state commissions on the status of women. Friedan was among those present who decided that the meeting was unsatisfying, as it didnt generate any actions to implement the findings on the inequality of women. So in 1966, Friedan joined other women in founding the National Organization for Women (NOW). Friedan served as its first president for three years. In 1967, the first NOW convention took on the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion, though NOW viewed the abortion issue as highly controversial and focused more on political and employment equality. In 1969, Friedan helped found the National Conference for the Repeal of Abortion Laws to focus more on the abortion issue; this organization changed its name after the Roe v. Wade decision to become the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL). In that same year, she stepped down as NOW president. In 1970, Friedan led in organizing the Womens Strike for Equality on the 50th anniversary of winning the vote for women. The turnout was beyond expectations; 50,000 women participated in New York alone. In 1971, Friedan helped form the National Womens Political Caucus for feminists who wanted to work through the traditional political structure, including political parties, and running or supporting women candidates. She was less active in NOW, which became more concerned with revolutionary action and sexual politics; Friedan was among those who wanted more focus on political and economic equality. Lavender Menace Friedan also took a controversial stand on lesbians in the movement. NOW activists and others in the womens movement struggled over how much to take on issues of lesbian rights and how welcoming to be of movement participation and leadership by lesbians. For Friedan, lesbianism was not a womens rights or equality issue but a matter of private life, and she warned the issue might diminish support for womens rights, using the term lavender menace. Later Years and Death In 1976, Friedan published It Changed My Life, with her thoughts on the womens movement. She urged the movement to avoid acting in ways that made it difficult for mainstream men and women to identify with feminism. By the 1980s, she was more critical of the focus on sexual politics among feminists. She published The Second Stage in 1981. In her 1963 book, Friedan wrote of the feminine mystique and the housewifes question, Is this all? Now Friedan wrote of the feminist mystique and the difficulties of trying to be Superwoman, doing it all. She was criticized by many feminists as abandoning the feminist critique of traditional womens roles, while Friedan credited the rise of Reagan and rightwing conservatism and various Neanderthal forces to the failure of feminism to value family life and children. In 1983, Friedan began to focus on researching fulfillment in the older years, and in 1993 published her findings as The Fountain of Age. In 1997, she published Beyond Gender: The New Politics of Work and Family Friedans writings, from The Feminine Mystique through Beyond Gender, were also criticized for representing the viewpoint of white, middle-class, educated women and for ignoring other womens voices. Among her other activities, Friedan often lectured and taught at colleges, wrote for many magazines, and was an organizer and director of the First Womens Bank and Trust. Friedan died on February 4, 2006, in Washington, D.C. Legacy Despite all of her later work and activism, it was the The Feminine Mystique that truly launched the second-wave feminist movement. It has sold several million copies and been translated into multiple languages. It is a key text in Women’s Studies and U.S. history classes. For years, Friedan toured the United States speaking about The Feminine Mystique and introducing audiences to her groundbreaking work and to feminism. Women have repeatedly described how they felt when reading the book: They realized they were not alone and that they could aspire to something more than the life they were being encouraged or even forced to lead. The idea Friedan expresses is that if women escaped the confines of â€Å"traditional† notions of femininity, they could then truly enjoy being women. Sources Friedan, Betty.  The Feminine Mystique. W.W. Norton Company, 2013.â€Å"Betty Friedan.†Ã‚  National Womens History MuseumFindagrave.com. Find a Grave.

5 Super Simple Tips for Dealing With a Difficult Boss

5 Super Simple Tips for Dealing With a Difficult Boss There are bad bosses and then there are tough bosses. If your boss is in the second category, they might not be doing anything outwardly wrong or inappropriate- they might even be a good boss, in the end- but they sure do keep you on your toes. Whether it’s micromanaging or outrageously high standards or inaccessibility†¦ a difficult boss is a tough thing to manage. Here are 5 strategies for how to make the best of a challenging situation, things you can do to change the situation from your end, and how it can benefit your career.1. Don’t be too sensitive.The first rule of tough bosses is not to take anything personally. Your boss might have a temper, or a super exacting work ethic, or almost unreasonable standards. Your boss might throw tantrums or demand the impossible. Your boss might be short with you. None of these things should be interpreted as personal affronts.Your boss is human, and dealing with a bunch of things that have nothing to do with you; thatâ₠¬â„¢s in the background of every interaction. But also, a real professional takes the message in the madness (This project not perfect yet? Okay!) and leaves any perceived judgment behind. Let the tone or manner of the delivery be whatever it is; take the information you need and simply do your job. Plus, it doesn’t necessarily matter if your boss likes you.2.  Come up with the solutions yourself.If you have a tough boss, try to get your questions answered elsewhere- same with your problems and small talk. It’s not possible to never need something from your boss, but you could probably drastically cut down on how many interactions you have with her where you’re not making her life easier. Focus on delivering results when you walk into her office. The more you go in there with solutions to her problems, rather than questions about your own†¦ the better.3. Be proactive.If you have access to your boss’s schedule, make a note of what big projects and p riorities she’s working on and stay mindful of them. Help where you can. Be proactive. Keep thinking forward, and help your boss do the same. And instead of waiting to be asked to check in (or for an informal performance review), take the initiative to schedule regular check-ins with your boss and come prepared. Detail what you’ve been working on and the progress you’ve been making. Basically, anticipate your boss’s needs and questions and have answers always at the ready.4. Radiate confidence.Even when you make mistakes. Especially when you make mistakes! Rather than trying to hide or fib your way out of it, take responsibility. Own it. Say â€Å"I screwed up and here is how I’m already working to fix it.† Remind yourself that their anger will fade, that you’re still the smart and capable employee they hired, and give them a bunch of good reasons to forget you ever erred.5. Figure out what’s in it for you.A tough boss can actu ally be a great opportunity. You’ll work that much harder, be that much more on your game. And you’ll probably get lots more done. You’ll also figure out what you are (and aren’t) looking for in your next boss, so you can make a more informed career decision when next you’re on the market. Try to focus on the positive aspects of this challenging situation, and you’ll be able to use this one tough boss to better your whole career.

Global Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Branding - Essay Example itical to note that the debate of the standardization versus adaptation is largely rooted into the overall discussion on the globalization and anti-globalization debate. Despite the increase in the overall anti-globalization sentiments across the globe there are still efforts towards the standardization as well as the adaptation of the brands across regions. The debate therefore between the localization and the offering of the standardize products across all the regions largely depends upon how the organizations take into consideration different factors. Though both the approaches towards the brand strategy also required to be explored from the perspective of how they may have an impact on the marketing as well as the financial outcomes for the organizations. This paper will discuss and explore the issue of how the standardization as well as adaptation may have on the marketing outcomes such as prices, premium, market shares besides discussing as to how the same can have an impact on the financial performance of the organization. Branding itself has become one of the challenging aspects of managing the overall marketing strategy of the firm. Marketers have to actually now shift from the product standardization to the brand standardization as increased awareness of the global consumers actually require firms to cater to the uniform needs of the consumers also. Branding as a process actually refers to the process of connecting the name and the reputation to a person or an item. As such, the overall breadth and scope of the branding has expanded and often covers the products and even different product ranges. (Whitelock and Fastoso et al., 2007, pp. 252--270) Increasingly, international marketing experts believe that the share of the globally standardized brands is increasing at relatively greater pace. The entry of luxury brands into Asian markets speaks volumes about the penetration of the global brands into the markets which were previously not served by these